C# ユニオン型: 差別的なユニオンがついに登場

type Shape =
    | Circle of radius: float
    | Rectangle of width: float * height: float
    | Triangle of base: float * height: float

enum Shape {
    Circle { radius: f64 },
    Rectangle { width: f64, height: f64 },
    Triangle { base: f64, height: f64 },
}

type Shape =
  | { kind: "circle"; radius: number }
  | { kind: "rectangle"; width: number; height: number }
  | { kind: "triangle"; base: number; height: number };

public abstract record Shape
{
    public sealed record Circle(double Radius) : Shape;
    public sealed record Rectangle(double Width, double Height) : Shape;
    public sealed record Triangle(double Base, double Height) : Shape;

    private Shape() { } // Prevent external inheritance
}

double Area(Shape shape) => shape switch
{
    Shape.Circle c => Math.PI * c.Radius * c.Radius,
    Shape.Rectangle r => r.Width * r.Height,
    Shape.Triangle t => 0.5 * t.Base * t.Height,
    _ => throw new InvalidOperationException("Unknown shape")
};
```しかし、重大な欠点もあります。コンパイラーは階層が閉じられていることを認識しないため、常に `_` 破棄アームが必要です。そうしないと警告が表示されます。新しいバリアントを追加した場合、コンパイラはそれを処理するのを忘れたすべての場所を通知しません。破棄はそれを黙って飲み込みます。それは完全に目的を裏切ります。

### OneOf ライブラリ

もう 1 つの一般的なアプローチは、[OneOf](https://github.com/mcintyre321/OneOf) NuGet パッケージです。

```csharp
public OneOf<Success<Order>, NotFound, ValidationError> ProcessOrder(OrderRequest request)
{
    // ...
}

// Usage
var result = ProcessOrder(request);
result.Switch(
    success => Console.WriteLine($"Order {success.Value.Id} processed"),
    notFound => Console.WriteLine("Order not found"),
    error => Console.WriteLine($"Validation failed: {error.Message}")
);

public enum PaymentType { CreditCard, BankTransfer, DigitalWallet }

public class Payment
{
    public PaymentType Type { get; init; }
    public CreditCardInfo? CreditCard { get; init; }
    public BankTransferInfo? BankTransfer { get; init; }
    public DigitalWalletInfo? DigitalWallet { get; init; }
}

union Shape
{
    Circle(double Radius),
    Rectangle(double Width, double Height),
    Triangle(double Base, double Height)
}

union Option<T>
{
    Some(T Value),
    None
}

union Result<T, E>
{
    Ok(T Value),
    Error(E Err)
}

`Area` および `Perimeter` 内の `switch` 式がデフォルトのアームを必要としないことに注目してください。コンパイラーは、共用体が完全であることを認識しています。バリアントは 3 つだけあり、3 つすべてが処理されます。後で 4 番目のバリアントを追加すると、コンパイラはそれを処理しないすべての `switch` にフラグを立てます。

## パターン マッチングの統合

C# ではパターン マッチングがバージョン 7.0 以降進化しており、共用体型はそのシステムの第一級市民となるように設計されています。

### 網羅的なスイッチ式

最も影響力のある機能は、徹底的なスイッチ チェックです。共用体を使用すると、コンパイラは考えられるすべてのケースを **認識**します。

```csharp
string Describe(Shape shape) => shape switch
{
    Circle(var r)         => $"A circle with radius {r}",
    Rectangle(var w, var h) => $"A {w}x{h} rectangle",
    Triangle(var b, var h)  => $"A triangle with base {b} and height {h}"
};

union Expr
{
    Literal(double Value),
    Add(Expr Left, Expr Right),
    Multiply(Expr Left, Expr Right),
    Negate(Expr Inner)
}

double Evaluate(Expr expr) => expr switch
{
    Literal(var v)          => v,
    Add(var left, var right) => Evaluate(left) + Evaluate(right),
    Multiply(var left, var right) => Evaluate(left) * Evaluate(right),
    Negate(var inner)        => -Evaluate(inner)
};

string Classify(Shape shape) => shape switch
{
    Circle(var r) when r > 100   => "Large circle",
    Circle(var r) when r > 10    => "Medium circle",
    Circle(_)                     => "Small circle",
    Rectangle(var w, var h) when w == h => "Square",
    Rectangle _                   => "Rectangle",
    Triangle _                    => "Triangle"
};

union Result<T, E>
{
    Ok(T Value),
    Error(E Err)
}

union OrderError
{
    NotFound(Guid OrderId),
    InsufficientStock(string ProductId, int Requested, int Available),
    PaymentDeclined(string Reason),
    ValidationFailed(IReadOnlyList<string> Errors)
}

Result<Order, OrderError> ProcessOrder(OrderRequest request)
{
    if (!Validate(request, out var errors))
        return new ValidationFailed(errors);

    var product = catalog.Find(request.ProductId);
    if (product is null)
        return new NotFound(request.OrderId);

    if (product.Stock < request.Quantity)
        return new InsufficientStock(request.ProductId, request.Quantity, product.Stock);

    var paymentResult = paymentGateway.Charge(request.Payment);
    if (!paymentResult.Success)
        return new PaymentDeclined(paymentResult.Message);

    var order = CreateOrder(request, product);
    return new Ok(order);
}

var result = ProcessOrder(request);

var response = result switch
{
    Ok(var order) => Results.Created($"/orders/{order.Id}", order),
    Error(NotFound(var id)) => Results.NotFound($"Order {id} not found"),
    Error(InsufficientStock(var pid, var req, var avail)) =>
        Results.Conflict($"Product {pid}: requested {req}, only {avail} available"),
    Error(PaymentDeclined(var reason)) =>
        Results.UnprocessableEntity($"Payment declined: {reason}"),
    Error(ValidationFailed(var errors)) =>
        Results.BadRequest(new { Errors = errors })
};

union PaymentMethod
{
    CreditCard(string CardNumber, string Expiry, string Cvv),
    BankTransfer(string Iban, string Bic),
    DigitalWallet(string Provider, string Token),
    CashOnDelivery
}

decimal CalculateProcessingFee(PaymentMethod method, decimal amount) => method switch
{
    CreditCard _                         => amount * 0.029m + 0.30m,
    BankTransfer _                       => 1.50m,
    DigitalWallet(provider: "PayPal", _) => amount * 0.034m + 0.35m,
    DigitalWallet _                      => amount * 0.025m,
    CashOnDelivery                       => 4.99m
};

string FormatForReceipt(PaymentMethod method) => method switch
{
    CreditCard(var num, _, _)       => $"Credit Card ending in {num[^4..]}",
    BankTransfer(var iban, _)       => $"Bank Transfer ({iban[..4]}****)",
    DigitalWallet(var provider, _)  => $"Digital Wallet ({provider})",
    CashOnDelivery                  => "Cash on Delivery"
};

union ConnectionState
{
    Disconnected,
    Connecting(string Host, int Port, DateTime StartedAt),
    Connected(string Host, int Port, TcpClient Client),
    Reconnecting(string Host, int Port, int Attempt, TimeSpan Delay),
    Failed(string Host, Exception Error)
}

ConnectionState HandleEvent(ConnectionState state, ConnectionEvent evt) => (state, evt) switch
{
    (Disconnected, Connect(var host, var port)) =>
        new Connecting(host, port, DateTime.UtcNow),

    (Connecting(var h, var p, _), ConnectionSucceeded(var client)) =>
        new Connected(h, p, client),

    (Connecting(var h, var p, _), ConnectionFailed(var ex)) =>
        new Reconnecting(h, p, Attempt: 1, Delay: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)),

    (Reconnecting(var h, var p, var attempt, _), ConnectionSucceeded(var client)) =>
        new Connected(h, p, client),

    (Reconnecting(var h, var p, var attempt, _), ConnectionFailed(var ex)) when attempt >= 5 =>
        new Failed(h, ex),

    (Reconnecting(var h, var p, var attempt, _), ConnectionFailed(_)) =>
        new Reconnecting(h, p, attempt + 1, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Math.Pow(2, attempt))),

    (Connected(_, _, var client), Disconnect) =>
        new Disconnected,

    _ => state // Ignore events that don't apply to current state
};

{
  "$type": "Circle",
  "radius": 5.0
}

{
  "$type": "Rectangle",
  "width": 10.0,
  "height": 20.0
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>